The past 25 years have seen tremendous progress in thermometry across the moderate temperature range of 1 K to 1,235 K. Various primary thermometers, based on a wide range of different physics, have ...

Equipment: gas thermometer, ring stand, 3 2000ml beakers, gloves, mercury thermometer (-20 to 110 C), alcohol thermometer (-100 to 50 C), ice, water, dry ice and alcohol (precooled), hot plate ...

Think of a cake. When you put it in the oven, it starts off at a particular volume and then, an hour later, it has risen to perhaps double its size. It is obvious what has happened – the air bubbles ...