An endoscope with a transparent cap enters through a 2 cm mucosal incision into the submucosal “third” space, approximately 5 cm proximal to the lower esophageal sphincter. Four distinct tissue layers ...

Figure 4 is consistent with the pattern of type I achalasia. There is almost no pressurization in the proximal, middle, or distal portion of the esophagus with each swallow. Figure 5 permits ...

The diagnosis of achalasia is made on the basis of aperistalsis of the esophagus. Manometry often reveals an elevated LES pressure (> 50 mm Hg), although this is not necessary to confirm the diagnosis ...

Achalasia is a chronic oesophageal motility disorder characterised by impaired relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) and loss of peristalsis. This condition results in progressive ...