At the core of science is a commitment to rigorous reasoning, method, and the use of evidence. The final session of the workshop was designed to take a step back from the specific issues of how ...

Both humans and other animals are good at learning by inference, using information we do have to figure out things we cannot observe directly. New research shows how our brains achieve this by ...

Political Analysis, Vol. 26, No. 1 (January 2018), pp. 54-71 (18 pages) Measuring the causal impact of state behavior on outcomes is one of the biggest methodological challenges in the field of ...

Animals survive in changing and unpredictable environments by not merely responding to new circumstances, but also, like humans, by forming inferences about their surroundings—for instance, squirrels ...

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of ...